Science

Gluten degradation

Alpha-gliadins

short peptides

Fungal, Aspergillus niger or Aspergillus oryzae

Belongs to the family of prolyloligopeptidases (prolylendopeptidases).

Has to be combines with other gluten peptide-degrading enzymes.

If there is casein (milk protein), DDP-IV does not distinguish between what to break down, gluten or casein (1)

There are no clinical studies.

Inactivated at pH <4 – enteric coating must be applied.

People who do not tolerate gluten. People who want to avoid gluten.

General practi-tioners, pedia-tricians, gas-troenterolo-gists, endocri-nologists, aller-gists/immunologists

1 type

Might be un-registered Novel food.

Gluten deg-radation

Alpha-gliadins

short peptides

Fungal, Aspergillus niger

Has the most studies of all gluten degrading enzymes. Have clinical studies. Breaks down gluten in the stomach of healthy people (1). Breaks down gluten in the stomach of gluten intolerant people (2).

Active at pH 2-8, optimal pH 4-5. Not degraded by pepsin, so it remains stable in the stomach

People who do not tol-erate glu-ten. People who want to avoid gluten

General practi-tioners, pedia-tricians, gas-troenterolo-gists, endocri-nologists, aller-gists/immunologists

Upon request

Might be un-registered Novel food

For the immune system

Peptidoglycans (the main components of the bacterial wall)

NAG (N-acetylglucosamine) + NAM (N-acetylmuramic acid

Hen egg

Often combined with lactoferrin. There are clinical studies with oral rinsing fluid, tooth pastes (1, 2) with such a composition. A study on enterobacteria-infected pigs,

feeding them with lysozyme, showed a positive effect – a lower bacterial content, a reduced inflammatory background (3). Improved intestinal activity and microflora in piglets (4).

Clinical studies on the immune function lack, but lysozyme is known to have the antimicrobial function in the body. Relatively stable at pH 3-7 (5).

Anyone who wants to strengthen the immune system.

General practitioners, pediatricians, immunologists

1 type

Authorized for use in food supplements, there is one product fully noGlucoamylasetified in Lithuania

Anti-inflammato-ry /Digestion

Protein

peptides

Pineapple stem and fruit

Therapeutic efficacy against platelet aggregation, angina, bronchitis, sinusitis (1), injuries, especially sports (helps to heal bruises), inflammation (2), arthritis (3), there are studies on cancer and metastases, but there is a lack of reliable evidence (4). Bromelain cream is used to treat burns (removes dead tissue).

Not stable in the stomach (optimal pH 7) (5), requires an enteric coating

People with chronic diseases, inflam-mations, fibroids.
Cancer patients

General practi-tioners, immu-nologists, rheumatolo-gists, oncolo-gists, plastic surgeons, dermatologists

1 type

Allowed for use in dietary supplements.
The claims were exam-ined and re-jected as no link between consumption and effect was con-firmed.

Anti-inflammatory

Protein

peptides

Papaya stem

Helps sore throat (in combination with lysozyme and bacitracin) (1), reduces inflammation (2), reduces the symptoms of irritable bowel syndrome (4) reduces muscle pain after training (the study was done with the product: pancreatic enzymes, trypsin, papain, bromelain, amylase, lipase, lysozyme, chymotrypsin) (5), creams help to heal wounds (6). Some studies are old, products are combined, there is a lack of reliable results. Optimal pH 5-7.

People with chronic diseases, inflammations, fibroids. Cancer patients

General practitioners, pediatricians, immunologists, rheumatologists, oncologists, plastic surgeons, dermatologists

2 types (60 000 USP/mg; 6000 USP/mg)

Allowed for use in dietary supplements.

The claims were examined and rejected as no link between consumption and effect was confirmed.

Digestive / anti-inflammatory

Carbohydrates, proteins, fats

Pig pancreas

Approved as a drug to compensate pancreatic enzyme deficiency.

The inflammatory effect is often observed in combination with bromelain and papain:

Reduces swelling after eye plastic surgery (1), relieves muscle pain after training (the study was done with the

product: pancreatic enzymes, trypsin, papain, bromelain, amylase, lipase, lysozyme, chymotrypsin) (2). In combination with bromelain, it helps in multiple sclerosis (3).

Sensitive to the stomach acids.

People with im-paired pancreat-ic func-tion.
People whose digestion is often dis-turbed.
People with chronic inflam-mations.

General practitioners, pediatricians, gastroenterologists, endocrinologists, immunologists, rheumatologists, plastic surgeons, dermatologists

~10 types (by activity)

Allowed for use in dietary supplements.
There are no claims.
The dose should not exceed the therapeutic one.

Digestive

Lactose

beta galactose + glucose

Aspergillus oryzae/bacterial origin

The effect on milk both before administration (1) or when taking the supplement with food (2) reduce the amount of exhaled hydrogen (meaning less lactose was fermented by intestinal bacteria). Better results are achieved by affecting milk before consumption,  rather than taking lactase in combination with dairy products. In infants with colitis decrease symptoms (3). In people with lactose intolerance decreases symptoms (diarrhea, bloating, pain). It is best to combine with probiotics (4). One study showed insulin-reducing effects in obese children (5). Works at pH 4-7, if derived from Penicillium multicolor works at pH 2,5-7 (6).

People who are intolerant to lactose. People who want to avoid lactose.

General practitioners, pediatricians, gastroenterologists, endocrinologists, allergists

1 type

Allowed for use in dietary supplements.

Confirmed claim – Lactase enzyme improves lactose digestion in individuals who have difficulty digesting lactose.

Minimum dose of 4500 FCC.

There are additional labelling requirements

Digestive

Hemicellulose

xylose, mannose, glucose, alpha galactose

Fungal origin (Trichoderma reesei)

The structure of hemicellulose is more complex than cellulose. Promotes the activity of prebiotics and probiotics, reduces the growth of Candida (breaks its wall), improves digestion of an aging digestive system (1). Chickens, fed with hemicellulase grew faster, had more energy and less belly fat (2). Stable at pH 3-8 (3).

Those prone to obesity, type 2 diabetes, those who have elevated cholesterol, people who eat a lot of plant-based food

General practitioners, pediatricians, gastroenterologists, endocrinologists

1 type

Allowed for use in dietary supplements.

There are no claims.

Digestive

Cellulose (beta-glu-can)

oligosaccharides or glucose

Fungal origin (Trichoderma reesei)

Cellulose – the most common organic polymer in the Earth. The walls of plants consist of cellulose, hemicellulose and lignin. Intestinal bacteria allow herbivores to absorb glucose from cellulose, microscopic fungi convert biomass (=biodegradability) (1). Helps to maintain normal sugar level (breaks down cellulose slowly, resulting in glucose being released gradually) and cholesterol level (by releasing indigestible fibers that „absorb” fat, including cholesterol) in the blood (2), increase antioxidant levels (release polyphenols) (3), and the health of the digestive system (4). May help prevent/regulate diabetes (type 2) (5). Excessive cellulose inhibits the activity; optimal pH 4.2 – 5.2 (6 )

Those prone to obesity, type 2 diabetes, those who have ele-vated choles-terol, people who eat a lot of plant-based food

General practitioners, pediatricians, gastroenterologists, endocrinologists

1 type

Allowed for use in dietary supplements.

There are no claims.

Digestive

Pectin (polygalacturonan)

alpha polygalacturonic acid (galactose sugar acids)

Fungal origin (Trichoderma reesei)

In combination with cellulose and hemicellulose, pectin is the third type of polysaccharides in the cell walls of plants (1). Pectinase helps to break down the walls of plants. Optimal pH 3.0-6.5 (2).

Those prone to obesity, type 2 diabetes, those who have elevated cholesterol, people who eat a lot of plant-based food

General practitioners, pediatricians, gastroenterologists

1 type

Allowed for use in dietary supplements.

There are no claims.

Digestive

(1→4)-bound α-D-glucose (eg. maltose, sucrose)

glucose

Fungal origin (Trichoderma reesei, Aspergillus niger)

The final enzyme for the digestion of carbohydrates, most often found on the cell membrane of the small intestine, is used for the last degradation of carbohydrates followed by the subsequent absorption of glucose into the enterocyte. Relieves digestion, especially in irritable bowel syndrome, is important for carbohydrate digestion, regulates blood glucose levels – after eliminating the gene coding glucoamide, the blood glucose level in mice was 40%higher (1). Optimal pH 3.5 – 4.0 (2 )

Older people, people with inflammatory bowel diseases, people who eat a lot of carbohydrates

General practitioners, pediatricians, gastroenterologists

1 type

Allowed for use in dietary supplements.

There are no claims.

Digestive

Triglycerides

glycerol + 3 fatty acids

Aspergillus or pig pancreas

Helps (often in combination with protease and amylase) in irritable bowel syndrome (1), cystic fibrosis (2), celiac disease (3), when gall bladder is removed (4). Reduces the feeling of fullness after eating fatty foods (5).

Optimal pH 7.2, stable pH 3.5-6.5 (6). Acid lipase has activity at pH 1.5 (7).

Those who are overweight, when the stomach “stops” after fatty meals, in case of impaired pancreatic function, after gall bladder removal

General practitioners, pediatricians, gastroenterologists

3 different types of lipases of fungal origin, 1 type of animal origin

Allowed for use in dietary supplements.

There are no claims.

Anti-inflammatory

Proteinà

peptides

amino acids

Serratia sp. E-15 bacteria

In combination with chymotrypsin and trypsin reduced inflammation in rats similar to aspirin (1). In a clinical study, people had less swelling and pain after dental surgery (2). There are no studies that helps in the presence of back pain, infarction, stroke or asthma (3). Stable pH 8-10, optimal pH 9 (4), sensitive to gastric acid, must be enteric coated.

People with chronic diseases, inflammations, fibroids.

Cancer patients

General practitioners, pediatricians, endocrinologists, immunologists, rheumatologists, dentists, plastic surgeons

1 type

Might be unregistered Novel food.

Digestive / anti-inflammatory

Proteinà

peptides

amino acids

Fungal/bacterial/animal origin

Improves digestion (in combination with amylase and lipase) (1). Together with bromelain and papain reduces inflammation. Reduces the symptoms of irritable bowel syndrome (2).

When the stomach “stops”, when pancreatic function is impaired,

with chronic diseases, inflammations, fibroids.

Cancer patients

General practitioners, pediatricians, endocrinologists,

gastroenterologists, immunologists, rheumatologists

4 types of fungal origin

Allowed for use in dietary supplements.

There are no claims.

Anti-inflammatory/ fibrinolytic

Fibrin

degraded fibrin

Bacillus subtilis Natto

Breaks down fibrin, reduces blood clots (1), reduces atherosclerosis (reduces atherosclerotic plaques, inflammation in the arteries, cholesterol, improves the level of „good” cholesterol) (2). Lowers blood pressure (3). Reduces platelet aggregation, thins blood (4). Helps prevent stroke, infarction. May help prevent Alzheimer’s disease (5).Stable at temperatures up to 50 °C, pH<10 (6).

People with high blood pressure, dyslipidemia, predisposition to thrombosis, varicose veins

General practitioners, endocrinologists, cardiologists, neurologists

1 type

Allowed for use in dietary supplements.

There are no claims.

Registered Novel Food (must comply with the approved specification). Maximum dose

100 mg/day of fermented soybean extract.

Shall also bear a statement that persons taking medication should only consume the product under medical supervision.

Digestive

Hydrolysis of ceramide trihexoside. Melibose

galactose + glucose

Fungal origin (Aspergillus oryzae, Trichoderma)

Reduces the accumulation of gas by cleaving complex carbohydrates in beans and cabbages (1). Stable at pH 5-7 (2 ).

For those suffering from unpleasant symptoms of bloating, vegetarians and vegans who eat a lot of legumes and cruciferous, suffering from Fabry disease

General practitioners, pediatricians, gastroenterologists

1 type

Might be unregistered Novel food.

Digestive, anti-inflammatory

beta-glucans

glucose

Fungal origin (Trichoderma reesei)

The human body cannot digest beta-glucans. Beta-glucanase may reduce the growth of Candida albicans (antifungal action – breaks down the wall of the fungus) (1). Stabilizes the intestinal microbiota (2). Stable at pH 3.5-7.0 (3).

Sufferers of fungal infection. For those who want to improve the work of the digestive system

General practitioners, pediatricians, gastroenterologists, gynecologists

1 type

Might be unregistered Novel food.

Digestive

Starch

glucose

Fungal/bacterial/animal origin

As we age, amount of enzymes decreases, it becomes difficult to absorb glucose. Amylase deficiency can lead to metabolic syndrome, which is associated with diabetes (1, 2). Stable at pH 5.5-7. Acidic pH inactivates amylase.

People who eat a lot of carbohydrates and want to get a lot of energy quickly, after eating too much, older people

General practitioners, pediatricians, gastroenterologists

1 type fungal origin, 1 type animal origin

Allowed for use in dietary supplements.

There are no claims.